Е. В. Дмитриева
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ЭС (3)
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| WIND ENERGY
Potential in the United States Estimates of the electricity that could potentially be generated by wind power and of the land area available for wind energy have been calculated for the United States. The potential electric power from wind energy is surprisingly large. Good wind areas, which cover 6 % of the U.S. land area, have the potential to supply more than one and a half times the current electricity consumption of the United States. Technology under development today will be capable of producing electricity economically from good wind sites in many regions of the country. A wind energy resource atlas of the United States shows that areas po- tentially suitable for wind energy applications are dispersed throughout much of the United States. Estimates of the wind resource in this atlas are expressed in 13 wind power classes ranging from class 1 to class 7, with each class representing a range of mean wind power density or equivalent mean speed at specified heights above the ground. Areas designated class 4 or greater are suitable with advanced wind turbine technology under development today. Power class 3 areas may be suitable for future generation technology. Class 2 areas are marginal and class 1 areas unsuitable for wind energy development. Several factors determine the amount of land area suitable for wind energy development within a particular grid cell in a region of high wind energy potential. The important factors include the percentage of land exposed to the wind resource and land-use and environmental restrictions. The land area exposed to the wind for each grid cell was estimated based on a landform classification and ranged from 90 % for relatively flat terrain down to 5 % for mountainous terrain. Estimates of land area excluded from wind energy development, in percent per grid cell, were made for various types of land-use (e. g., forest, agricultural, range, and urban lands). Environmental exclusion areas were defined as federal and state lands (including parks, monuments, wilderness areas, wildlife refuges, and other protected areas) where wind energy development would be prohibited or severely restricted. The wind electric potential per grid cell was calculated from the available windy land area and the wind power classification assigned to each cell. The amount of potential electricity that can be generated is dependent on several factors, including the spacing between, wind turbines, the assumed efficiency of the machines, the turbine hub height, and the estimated energy losses (caused by wind turbine wakes, blade soiling, etc.). Estimates of wind turbine efficiency and power losses are based on data from existing turbines. For advanced turbines, efficiency is projected to be 30 %–35 % and power losses 10 %–15 %. The considerable wind electric potential has not been tapped before because wind turbine technology was not able to utilize this resource. However, during the past decade, increased knowledge of wind turbine behaviour has led to more cost-effective wind turbines that are more efficient in producing electricity. The price of the electricity produced from wind by these advanced turbines is estimated to be competitive with conventional sources of power, including fossil fuels. Because of the increasing competitiveness of wind energy, wind resource assessment will become essential in incorporating wind energy into the nation's energy mix. The importance of accurate wind resource assessment is also recognized in other parts of the world. Detailed wind resource assessments have been proposed or are being considered as part of a plan to increase the use of wind energy in Europe, Asia, 14 Latin America, and other regions. The decreasing cost of wind power and the growing interest in renewable energy sources should ensure that wind power will become a viable energy source in the United States and worldwide. жүктеу/скачать 1,01 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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