Түркі өркениеті.Осындай жолмен Магдалениан мәдениеті Сібірдегі Енисейдің жоғары жағында Манжуриядағы Толунге, Маньчоулиге, Хайларғда және Хоппеге тараған. Пекиннің жанындағы Чоукоутиен ойпатынан табылған адам қаңқасында сүйек инелер, құлақ жарғағындағы тесіктер, жануарлардың сойдақ тістері, қажалған алқалар, маржан тастардың бөлшектері сияқты әшекейлер кездеседі.Б.д.д. үшмыңжылдықтың ортасында Орталық Ресей жерінде пайда болып Азиядағы Сібірге, одан Ганьсудегі проқытай Чи-жиа-пинь керамикасына әсер еткен ирек сызықты \“соmbed”\ әшекейленген құмыралардың тарауы неолит дәуірінің соңғы кезінде сібірдегі көшпенді жол арқылы жүрген.Одан кейінгі кезеңде б.д.д. II мыңжылдықтың басында Бессарабия, Молдавия және Киев маңында пайда болып, Украинадан Қытайға дейін тарап, б.д.д. 1700 жылдар шамасында Хонандағы Ян-шао-тзунде дамып, сонан соң Ганьсудегі Паншанда дамыған керамика, спираль тәрізді өрнектелген әшекейлер Сібір арқылы тараған болу керек. А.М.Таллгреннің дәлелдеуі бойынша б.д.д. 1500 жылдары басталған Батыс Сібірдегі қола дәуірі сол кездегі Дунайдың қола өркениетімен байланысты. Орталық Сібірдегі Минусинскіде қола дәуірі одан үш жүз жыл кейін, яғни 1200 жылдары басталды. Қытайдың үлгілеріне ұқсас Батыс Сібірдегі балталар мен найза ұштарының негізінде М.Лоер Қытайдағы қола техникасы б.д.д. 1400 жылдары Сібірден келді деп қорытындылайды. Бұл жерде біз Қытай өркениеті пайда болуы мен дамуының негізін көшпенді түркі тайпаларынан алатынын көреміз.Көне түркі тілі, жазуы — бүгінгі өзбек, қазақ, ұйғыр, түрікмен, қырғыз, қарақалпақ халықтарына ортак мұра. Түркі тілі, жазуы негізінде осы аталған қазіргі түркі тілдес халықтардың әдеби тілдері қалыптасты. Көне түркі әліпбиі Көне түркі әліпбиі | Қолданылуы | Орхон — Енисей таңбалары | Дыбыстық мағына | | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAABK0lEQVR4nNWVz0pCQRSHTyKR4gvkonVQ4SKkXW8ggYuCVkaQtKkWBSL4Aq010KheoD+67yVaRpQUSIjrFvYH/YYzF+FyF90ZN/7g43LP4uPOOTNzkzLlJGdemIIbWIQsfEER3lyF87ATqrWhAO8uwqisQQe2oqSuPczBnZX2fITPsCTa23V4EF1+31X4BOfQgAXIy2T5fRehyTXMwYXo0DbgVnT6A9ceXkEC6vaZtsKmz8a+hK7opF+Cou9JeQwXZv8sews3YRlavsJtqMGqfV+BEx/hvegRCoRHoieh4ir8hRL8wJ6tHUDGVWjyB/vwDWVb2/URmozgEIaiy46dqG1jpMeiX3o6DWGQM9GemsGYf8mnhC7TuEKTqujN8mHlXl8Y5PU/ojjCWBkDRpEzhDWLMocAAAAASUVORK5CYII=) | A | /a/, /e/ | | I | /ɯ/, /i/, /j/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAABc0lEQVR4nNXVSyuEURjA8ROTy0YuuUTWFhbKXSZslFKkZGFjwUIuWUgp34ASRRGlSNK4L23sfAVloViIUkohovyfziMHcz0seOrXdKZ5/70z73veCZhfnsC/CyahCS0oxzBOfhKsxToKdL2LNpz6Bo/RjRByUIIdjZ75BGWONLqJTJRqtB3nPkGZQ/RgDRkow7ae6aVPUOYAvVhFOirMx2967ROU2dLYor5W63sduPEJysjXTsMcUhB0orc+QZkljc3oMY3GXrRO3PkEZeaRikkko9mJ3vsEZaaRjQldy44awJRvMBcNzvoVV+4HEgnmGXsvBp3YuLEXLeGgxGS31Ov6BWPGXqRPE09QYnuo0/UzRo29jb5NrGA+9lHjxEawEOmAaMFCPbMqXT9hCMvRziBSsEhjlbp+xCBWosUiBYuNvQBurN/Yh0TM+RrMMvbh+h57QB824omFC8pm7zJ247cau4dD8cbCBWUuMKsSnr//v/wGoE5ED6MJd+IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=) | O | /o/, /ø/ | | U | /u/, /y/, /w/ | Дауыссыз дыбыстар | Дыбыс үйлесімі | with:
(¹) — back,
(²) — front
vowels | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | B¹ | /b/ | B² | /b/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | D¹ | /d/ | D² | /d/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | G¹ | /ɡ/ | G² | /ɡ/ | | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAABHUlEQVR4nO3UP0tCURjH8YP4ApwcGhQCk1AwBVebg7REB1cnoU0QX0MvoynELE1XJzfJIUIQbTEcmgJxEXLpK/e5cBRvKjoo3Ac+wzn3nN/9cx6uU+25nEcTGEEMYZzgDp9r9vpxjyEGeEPHDHQgD4+Mq0ihbxHmRQVBGX8jqT9hBzd4xikCqOMWvaUwN560sB9k0NYD5/UuoS/w4QyvSOND1rhQRlTGYwlrmSHLh9JFXF75XIL113/EpaydIIumHrDqlPvakwblE9TkZleyZoqczC+UVdvMT/haNlwo4xC8cu1XGV1QWrXxvz78QgINhLT5Ih6sNq1r7JEyOkAPbFqs3Shw67ID7UA7cF+BY2X8usya7RpYEBvV4X/DP0TvM35a34wdAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) | L¹ | /l/ | L² | /l/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | N¹ | /n/ | N² | /n/ | | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAABPElEQVR4nO3TPyhFYRjH8ZfOgpGSCVFkkizKehMJMfgTsbLoGiwGg8Ugk4UUsegqRDIZdTMYxKBI2UR0M1nE9+n8Tp10r3tu3YHcpz513tPz/jrv03s8l+fy/mTgFM5wmWXvIo7UmzGwA0t4QA9uM4TNYBaDiOEuXWA9VlGCRiTQicdvYX1YQBFqsIUupMKBZdhAdWhjM/bQjVe9a8U6SkN9bdjEAD6CwBW06/kG7wq05h19VQW2Ua6+fTShAb3OH1XcAuMYV9MLJvCMYx09pqBKra2S6qvFCaowjXtPs9hFC+Zxrk1DONCc+kNHtBMM4835N2EMa7hCsQUuu/RlzSM41HGtbJajzr8FQZ2iLlhku9hJff2k1te4+GlDlD/lM0JPToE5VSGwEPhvA1PO/4etnvIROCeR6vfP8AtbBjq4tIvpDwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) | R¹ | /r/ | R² | /r/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAABtklEQVR4nL2UTShmURyHzxhhaiYfC4sXjSztEJGaxWwliqJYKBSbsaDeCKFsZIyPWBExI1IKYWMWs2L92pvytWPBRr6ff+fI6Xbvfd2X/Oqp+z/n3Kdzz7nnxKs3Tvx7CUNw+lbCb/AHRuCXx3vZUAgr0YQZMA+ZMAj7sOMYkwaLkKf0l4z5CcPw1Tx/gmEogDvTlghzUGLqn5AC/V7CYkfdbck+wCSUW/3Sd+A3QzvXsGfVA9Bo1Q/QAwt+QlmzQvOcAJUwDa3Q6Rg7DkPOWTiFsiENEGdqWZtU6IOP1rhlaHfK3IT/YAMqTB1ymYWMaVbPa+srlPyAfMhy6YtAHVy6ybyEh9ACS/DFar+HLjjxknkJJVtK7+hvpTdHIuvaC7twHlQokWOVpPQuP0mLYELpzw4slCwY2ZQlrTEz345FKJmBZKWPmUR+n/BrhBK5ecrgu6lLlf4LjmIVSo4d76XHKvys9CVRa7XJLkfcBvsJ5W5sgyrIcfTNwk1Q4RU0KX2W7fxV+uZxjZ/wDDah3tS3Sl+uHXARi1CyCtWwDqNKnxLfRBOuQS78jyZ6qfA+iOwlwsB5BGoCTPxkylZLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) | | S¹ | /s/ | S² | /s/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAAA7klEQVR4nGNhoDJgGXIGGgCxDRJ/HxBfo8RAayCejMSPp9RAisGogQNrIBMQswPxd0oM5AVibyB2AWJnIC4F4jWkGigHxD5QAxyAWAhJThhdMSEDK4B4FgPEa9iACKkGakLp9wyQbHgDiKspMXArEK8C4o1A/BGIRRkgrmaGyguhayBk4HwgXovEfw3Eb4FYDMoXJdVAbOAlkoEkRwouA3WhbKq48BUSG+RCUHj+pcTAl0hsPiCWAuLHlBj4Ao2vQKmBb9D4gsgcdAOPAnEuEv8yFgMPQ9V8BeLfQHwRn4EXoBgfuA3FWMGgKg+xAgAzWSZAWDP0KQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) | T¹ | /t/ | T² | /t/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | Y¹ | /j/ | Y² | /j/ | only (¹) — Q
only (²) — K | | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | Q | /q/ | K | /k/ | with all
vowels | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAABN0lEQVR4nGNhoDJgGRYGZgGxN5L6ICD+SomBkkDsRaye4RGGVDfwz6A3kCQwPAxkR+NzAvFHcg3UAOIUNLE6Bkh2JNlAbiCeywDJesggDYj3AvFaUg3sBWIrKPsXED8CYhUgZobKnQLix8QamAJ1CQx0A/F2IN4Jdbk8EE8E4mAg/k/IQFMg7gJiRih/KxDXA/FfqMENUPFAIM6DGozTQCEGSLgJQvm3oa79C+W3ALEdEDtB+SCLDgLxBWwGglw0DYh1ofzPUMNeIKkBGZwNxIeAWBRq8VSoBT/RDSwF4nAoGxQutVCN6OAGVG461BGgiGsA4kpkA50YEGEDAosZ0MIGDcyE6gmD8gsYIElpD8xAkPdKgFgZ6pVcPIbBQD4Qf2eABAko+aB4+TQUkwJABiWgCw7+0gYAXOM6dbLMTdcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=) | -CH | /tʃ/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | -M | /m/ | | -P | /p/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | -SH | /ʃ/ | | -Z | /z/ | | -NG | /ŋ/ | clusters | + vowel | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAABGElEQVR4nO3TP0tCURjHcQXBsSmIQAwjMmwQ3FrbQsz0BThKTYKTk4iTJISTq9BQiPQHWnoDEaLkIoi2iJujixhKfcFz4elwtKAGRQ984J773PPjnHuf67D983AsTaAHR/BjB0l0Ve0cQbEmgyo2cYk+2migZgVuIYdtNd/HGd7hxokILGADNzhW9waIycAXRFGGC4d4QMRwKieuRdgQcfX8t3f4ilPcq1358Ii6FphGQF1/4AK3VlH/KG8Io4JdeNXx5bDCxkigJIumr9wQO92D3fDMBCkU9cKstmkihDscaLVPZJE3LZzXhy2xU5+4f2Wbto5x/NTYHTxpgc/zFizPr7cOXAeuXOAIPTGf/DUwrfxqLP47/AJ+CTDBJv+3xAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) | ICH, CHI, CH | /itʃ/, /tʃi/, /tʃ/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | IQ, QI, Q | /ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ | | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAABFUlEQVR4nGNhoDJgoaeBvED8E4h/UWJgAhBPgLK5gTgTiOfg0MsDxFZAfB+Ib+My8B8Q8yPx/yBptgRiHSSsBRWPx2cgOkiAulKTARIEBAEhA+2R2G+A+DwQfwNif3IN3AXEe6EGHQDi30AcR4mBS4F4EQE1JBnISYphxBhIcsInpOErtQ3EBj4B8VEk/kdKDdwAxVgBpYWDARC/A+JH5BgoCcQ2QKwHxPpQWp4BkvXgSYuQge5A7AzVDMp+rIRsJWRgBBIbVJSdY4DEvC25BoJi8wADJOsdA+LnDJACg2wDQWXhAgJqSDKQZDD0DGQmwsK/QPwYif8HWRJdwxIG1GyFrXBYDMVEuRBUIr/HpZgYQPUwBABKJjBZQkK9kQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) | OQ, UQ,
QO, QU, Q | /oq/, /uq/,
/qo/, /qu/, /q/ | ÖK, ÜK,
KÖ, KÜ, K | /øk/, /yk/,
/kø/, /ky/, /k/ | + consonant | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAABc0lEQVR4nNWUTStFURSGN24iYiL5EYpfYGZABqbIR0RCRIxQl4h8DQxEiTuQcjNQZv4AGRgrEz/ASL5LPKu9Bkfcdc7d3Ym3nrrr3PbT2uesvVOuwEn9W2EJdMFX5FkW3kOFn1AO21Cqz1qgW//LWyjZgwpY04474AUG3c/OEwslW1AJaSiCAXiGiVChZFGlM1qPwxPMhgolsv1eqNW6FVZUnLewDk4jsnvn3+cvWRJhNZxAo9YP0Am3uRZYwjI4giatH52fzUurA2uwM9Cm9QeMwYUls4QN0Bypr+A4TmYJb5yfOZHIiZFt70O/M4baEkrOYBR2nT9+ffAGI5Y07isfQg2sQjEMO39SpkOFknWogjmtp+AV5kOFkgVoh3rnz7R0eA7XIUIZoQOVSWSEJv+SJRFKNzvO34MSuQvlUtjNtSBOuAlD+lu+7BJsWAss4bLzW4vK0zEN5BTKqNxBj9by3rJxMksot0omiSCpMDgFF34DnaNCOJRTCjgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=) | -NCH | /ntʃ/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | -NY | /ɲ/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAbCAYAAAB836/YAAABPElEQVR4nO3TTytEURjH8adcYZLCQnkjmlJjYWU5G/81mRorsfM6lI2U/0oSC1J2NsR6XoakiQiJ7+M8arrd49yZ7kbNU59m5tzz/DrnzD2RZFzRvwjsxCr6zAE2U/bPoIQHPGJZAztQqZuUxwf2AmFFrCNXN7aStOUum6ihh56wMWzFwn7Kd4YauoF3nMSejWIXPUmNSYFXGEG3rUJXembP9Dj20W+/7zAUClxDFYu2ih1M4h7HGLB5R9jGRShQa0nc+ZTRK+6ff8agPT/FHArxRl/gFxbEneWUuC3+bvMc03hLavzrxf7EvLj3tGhjl+K2/+prCt0UXcWsuO23Y1zc1r2V5uq9YMLm1kKT097lYFCjgamrFdgKbDJQ7+ytfWo9NdCv1/DavrdpRmSD+SYXdIPh+AozrcwDvwGuBjWWFrTCygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) | -LT | /lt/, /ld/ | ![](data:image/png;base64,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) | -NT | /nt/, /nd/ | word-divide symbol | | none | (-) — word endings only |
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |