ᄉ ᄃ ауысу - өткізгіштіктері әртүрлі екі жартылай өткізгіштердің түйісуі. Бұл практика жүзінде мына түрде жүзеге асады: жартылай өткізгіштің бір жағына (диффузия әдісі арқылы) басқа типті қоспа енгіземіз, ол басқа типті өткізгіштік тудырады, мұндағы ᄉ ᄃ тең болады да, ᄉ ᄃ ауысу пайда болады. (4.11-сурет).
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l4rlZFpygJ8MYbbxyNUmCmsZC6pmGUi+dqVXSKkgBBy0oKmXLxXK2KLgNuvPHG21kDRDcl37IohYFrxrUYKBfP1aroMoAZKhZWMouWb1mUwiCXig534zNmzGi5YsWKg5YvX17niSeeuEA/tvFQRZcBp5xyypyHHnro8nzLoeQXbFjPO++8Se+8887heOpgH+vkatWqteqcc855GkWU7TOY9ezTp8/gk08++aUmTZosuOGGG4awXz+28VBFFwDrn7788svdK1WqtBXvCxhrs79mzZqrP/744/3yLZ+SX/bcc8/PMXrP5TP4oD7zzDOt7FlP/djGQxVdABKh6KOPPtpf3EDzP5GN+JrnVzqlHPj000/3Oeuss57FSL5u3brLxo0b15lZUP3YxkMVXQCMu5x99tnTadWpCyklH0ydOrXNI488cum0adNaP/nkk+cTRpD1evqxjYcqugAw13n22WfP2muvvdbhYkf2b968uTLdlnzKppQHlStX3szHdscdd/z2ggsueKJLly5j8y1TMaKKLgDCsf3qV7/6M84Dd911169vvvnmP/zEzR988MGB++2338f5lk8pfY4//vhXaMkx6cEWt+Ts149tPFTRBYCDQP7s/S+99NLJv/jFL/6WD5mU8gKPJ5deeukjV1111b34hPvjH//4W/brxzYequgygEWWOBDMtxxK6cOQyfz585va+/VjGw9VdBmAO+h8y6CUN/qxjYcqOkUpQvRjGw9VdIqilDyq6BRFKXlU0SmKUvKoolMUpeRRRacoSskTqOg+++yzvQ8//PB3xAWNDdGDWLEtsR99+4qNNH19/fKXv/wrBtu5fk5S4HKbRavY/mKOJB5qTbJJU9xrc51/xfZ+MuXEE098mfV6xId4+eWXT/Tty/T8fBOo6MaPH9/BF5AWX/N4HyWARtC+YiRNX1/FVomGDh16/Zlnnvncdttt9yMOIF3nZJOmuNfmOv+K7f1kCoqpQoUK20wF5dqX6fn5xqvopk+ffjaRu3H65zqOqxj+TGXg2leMqK8vP6eeeuqLvha+ohQqTkWHW6L333//ELwmpCkMLcIrr7zyPiKb77HHHl/gB27MmDFdr7nmmrv5Sjz66KOX0G36zW9+8z/PPffcmZjH0L2+9957r6pSpcrGzp07j8PYmf/btGkzla+L/Yxt27ZVkN9xHGu67tWzZ88RP9ETpcg9Lrzwwscxwha32sLv/419PU4DCDxiygTE0Fy9enVNus/IxDOQD8+1KBlb5ttvv/1GHA6Y+cHwgSuPkfmOO+743U/cwX379+8/EEcFBEdZvHhxQ5GX+9n5g280O71yrty/a9euY+w0BeUdsvbq1Wv4QQcdtIKuj1yLwTrvcvjw4b3IJ5HXfI/yLLkXZYR7IGf79u0n8ltkc8mAj0GzvNjP8L0fV7mRa830NG/efBb78IDz9ddf7yr5hbt1s6zS3TOfG1RmCMKD3St1BP90XI85mP3+zz333Kfsd7px48YqPMdXBlzlJQ4SUQwXUiIb+W7XaTufRb6xY8d2MfOVqGqDBw/uQz7JOa5yKfU2CKeiw5CYcapsEx4XXj6ZcP755z/54osvnso+CvOgQYP6YtB82WWXPbx27drqeFwlA3npKBUUIR5Y6Uqh8Fq3bj2Ngkthp/uNixsyrUOHDuPN58VxrOm6F4WFF4bRNXJz3rx5805ANqkc/OblMHZpX48SpyLZ+YD7bJRX27ZtpyBTq1atntmyZctO5jsxZWZ/3759B5n54ZKX6PHIzPUiuxRwXHQ3bNhwcb169ZaKcrDz54cfftjeTq+p5MCVpqC8O+2002bzfpGZc+Vawgd+8803O3MchSPnk69UHPNZcoyxIfbjVmv27NmnvfDCC6f7ZECR2uXFfobv/bjKjS897Pv1r3/9J36j6Mgv8th8NkpAnhtWZvBH169fv9twxok3E5Qeysx+/yg61zvlOb4ykC3IxpbhLpGN/+06beazmV6R0SxvK1eurE3+kR5fucxY0Q0cOLA/f/K/WXGzgVBptFTMfYyHrVmzpga/aUXSEuHFMg4k5zAATuXH7MUseBQU3CjJ9VLQJa4mLcD/S+hP+8z/IY5jzaB7jRo1qnv9+vXfzfR6F6QZf3j8ZjtgwICbwmQ284O8tJ+HouMrOGTIkBt69Ogx0rx20aJFjexWoO9ZUdIbNe3IwRCJfQ2taspdp06d7rePZTI0YsuwdevWSnZ5ifqMoHfgS4/JqlWragU92ycz//MR5sO3ww47fGf7p7Prg+udgq8MZIuUuZ122mmLyEb+uOq0CztfaYEuXbq0nnhs8Z0XRTanorO7HUkoOUA7Bx1HET7++OMXUrE3bdq0S7Vq1dazn0rPV5KvE01iOf/777+vOHPmzBZ16tRZjvbHzTRdRzIoijxJOdZELmbnXJUyU1DqNOXpfmC8zVeR1oJPZjDzw3dfCiP5aRZy8gsjcSYYzHN9z0oyvZMnT27XrFmzuYz90fKQ/bTm+LiFVY5MYRggbnkRgt6BLz1JPRt/dIyfS4tO/NOB+f597xRcZSAJkIXWJR8RkY3frjrtws5Xuq14V7bjZQTlv4/Y6+iIRE737KmnnjqXsQj28fVlLIXf9j6anFHvTcXmK0BX5Ywzznj+6aefPof9vBSOTZkypa15/u677/5l1apVNzDTi2a//PLLH2J8hi/Igw8+2JFzLrnkkkfZ0gWmK2JeH9expn0v6b7xAuU3+cP2T3/6068Zl+E39+Te9vWMNfI/25/4jTyHMTqeT/eN/4kyxRec/T6Z7fyw5ZWlMlQ+WmRm15OxFOQZPXp0N1Ne+1nSCjHTK+eK7L40+fKO7gxdESaAGjduvFCupfuzZMmSBg8//PBl7JPzKU+UPfNZUthlHE62XCPdNFsGhmfs8mI/w5cW1zuQcSQzPXSXTXmAcSpa1uazpfJHKTO8K4Z4GD4w/dPZ7588sd+pKFVXGWCcz5ZVcC2xYZ/vfFqdlFVk44Nl12l5rp1eO1+Z4aflKffdZ599PiXPguqAj1BFZ7fmUHJsKQwuJRZHsdkgOJXa3Ldhw4aqrMlj0JGmuXlMMkkg5qV9T5r7vm5iXMea9r2oRFKRGEcwK5XA2ITverPymNCSkd9XXHHFA2wZnzTldl1n54dLXvO4/G8Wkm7duo02n+N7li+9vjQF5R0fFtc1tqz283zP8mHLYJcX+xm++/vyxZUeW2Zawy1atJjperb8DiozrGqQCQYb8/0zKSG/zXfqKwMmKCmzDLowFV/Y+XadtvPZTK+Zr/Z9jzzyyLfkHF+59FHwlhFocZQcWlz2MfDKlgJDUz3pZxabr69c54eSHLlYyZD0+2d8LZfnR6Vly5YzzP9lUicTCl7RMdto72O8jr9cPbPYfH3lOj+U5EhqhtMk6ffPrG4uz48KKw+C/o9DwSs6RVFKF5bNMCOb6+eookuBKDPXSc5uK4oNM5TM1rI0xRy/ywePPfbYRXfddde177333mHMFP/zn//8ea6fGajomLVhtieXAviMxNM0rFeUUgdrCGY9c9XNjAoTKyxkvv/++zsxscIsdBrP9So6TKyC1rwkhc9IPE3DeiUzaIGaywvs/5XCAZt1n916mjBGOW3atNZNmjRZkOZzvYoOBWOvO8sFPiPxQjKstyuz7JPfKGTWK8n/mKmx/omV6bIOinP4mtGCnTBhwsWc6ztHFnxiGiQLPhnLYG3Un//851/JomlmpGn5XnvttXeFyYQpEYWMGWUWV9tpMdPrSqOdH+xnhf133323A7JhysRC2aRMB3kGaWdxLS19WgDvvvtufV9+BMnJb8yFMKGaO3duMxaxspjVdz9zwXXYu3c9zz6e1LBEmO22mWest8PW1n6+XS58aQy7ZyZQVrAhZxUF1g3UBdZJsuaW4yzLYRkV60dZU8mxGjVqrHGlnfeEiVmUdwheRYfd3G677fYVv8UI12W8bhsss4rZNsQVY2LbGNy3nwWALsP6fIBSICPZugoaiorV8OY+FA/NchZHyuJW1uUxm8vsGCvSuV/QOSxgZXW5TN2jHFmkyQuUwsiCS/JMFF2QTNddd92dtJgxTyIdkpYwpRcGhZe1kywmTtI+GnkYzkAxUaAx5PblR5T7Yf951FFHvYmdNMMhLDgNu1/Yu88HQc4S7DxDCZjHXeUiLI1h94wDz0AvHHPMMa+z+J9yTtkVwwDeEeWIsUQ5NnXq1DauMsqa2zhlwqvoMGrHZo3fQcbrtsEyv12GuD5jcN9+l2F9PkAGXxeeAoAhMy9FFvbCnDlzTqEFwqptWhEcE4cCKANeBNcGnYNNL/bGLKakILKSf9KkSefJM8h77B/tBZ8+mXzmSHxsgsZBeQ4fL2TG0sVe28TK/rfeeutICmRwTkYHg3wsbGjR8pXm+bQmaNkF5UeQnCwC5+Mhab311ltvCbofBL37sOelrRhdeWYe95WLoDSG3TMuWPewZbEv5Z6xOry8yHGUKSZfckwUlq+MRnmHQqxZV5cxt/1CfYa4vuuD9hcCCxYsaGK+DBPM0pgaF0Ul+ylULhtDYD/Hw86hUO29996f0dqrXLnyZrpaprLi60blZdyF7kiYTH/5y19O4mtnL7pk5ku6By54Dn8UesyW6JbLMb60eKBmPJWJo6TWH3bs2PFB0kE3iRYjFjHIHpYfPjldhN0Pgt592PPC3FQljSvPzOO+chGUxrB7xoUyjYmauc9XB0x8ZTTKOxS8ik78gdGykn0uY267y+MzxPVd79sf17A+F+AdgfSIFxEbKre4njGhWc0kCy0z6ZbSPaeFi+3eySef/BL5FnYOTXea89gwjhw5sof5DK5nWt70UhIkEx8fxkAYZuCd8r5WrFhxEOezoj4oHyiMrsrKO6bVyaJuxlRQomLrmw3YR1KpqFyM58h+hjV8+REkJ9BVZcEp95CeStD9wt592PPSxpdngqtchKUx7J6ZgI9AWsC06oYNG9abuiLHGOO1j4WV0bAyIXgVHbMijJExuBfHeJ2ulG2IK4PttjG4GBm7jMR9hvVpIlPffPUY4+K3ObB78cUXT2Dcx76OFipp5itEt5x92OtyD5S6ORkRdA4tJV7gLrvssol9cn8ZIOZa21TNJxOFh8JqfrhwAMm6KtMll4100fAs4/LNBigOPm7MnlNxaAkEZmwI4gyCro74NAM+hq78iCIn74R8pkVBxSX/g+4X9u6j5IstXy7XSfryTHCVi7A0ht0zE1g/RwuYbiZjdeK0ASjLTEaYx5iwCCqjQe/QxKvocDzImjYUXRzjdQY7bUPcoOt9+32G9WnjmoVy7Tf/RwGJNwjgBfKC+TOvCTuHCslsl+1Y0FdhgmR6/vnnz4h7j7BzkE/24U4KBZeEm3UUkih/kNZENvnBR8Nu0fju57uv793b57veQxItv6D368uzsOt8aQy7Z6bQTfbF4cCJJjOm5j7X4mZT5rB3KHgVHYoHn1nhov8nSRniFpthfdJIiwGXO4yD5VueKLAkKFcLvJPOj2LMX+U/ifMOAycj8HsV9+FJGeIWgmG968udSfcjyjVBX91iIZs1VmEknR9h90vq3Sdxba5IOo1pE0dWtXVVFKXkUUWnKErJo4ouC3CZPWPGjJZMgeMxFsuDYnZG4HOwkCmZRrmPc12mz8iFLKUAyz8Iv4iFggSidu1zkYYTkExRRZchzCyzWJf1bizFYSU3+4vZGYHPwUKmZKog4lyXayVUTkoOUGQM8psKzbXPRpyAsJYt6aA7SaCKLkNY3IvdpL0wupCcEcTF52BBUcIQJyDE0sXfXNBC63zgVHSuNT/4ojeji7PSnnU1rOpnUSGzpERuckUmZ1WzHV2cxaqu6PBE+7bP5RlmZG+JzG47A2DBIOv/sN+j+8V52GL6IoX7IpZH6a4QjYiQc5yHnCzFwUg/ijMCgn4Q35YuLut/eDZ5yXogFI0dhZyZazMS+/r166vZ95Q88aXJzms7Kjrp8TlYCEqLD7owdpR731oyM7o93SS5TqxzWLhKzBA7wjv75Fw5RquDe5AeonDxmzS4ns26LSnPdM3Me3NPVxpc2JHjJS/NdDEj7aob1AOzXtlywO//jf1cyrtZT1iXaZYT9lE37XcvzjR8ZSUorT7ECQjWDJiZhSm6oDqA3zw7r3xOROz8IxC563lOReeKrI45kh1dHGNuWjU8VHxduSKTs/DXFV3cFUncF4ncjKDucjLA9XhRxRMCVhsUbM7j/r5I4b6I5VG6KxixYw2Aby3kRG4sG6I4I6Dbi/Jq27btFF4yK78xozK9f5hRyNlvRmJHefNRMd9PWJrsvHZFRfc5WMgEV5R7V7ki9J8d3V6uw10PZkgcR6mZEd4pB+Yz5JiEZKQsYIdKC8P1bJSoXZ7Ne/vS4MKOHC95aafLVTd4Hz45OE+i2C9btqyuKT8WR5QJu56Y5YTnouhc9SyorGSCOAGpXr36WsJUhp0fVgfsvPI5EbHzL5aic0UIZ3Ddji6ONm7QoMESjG7N6+2vJ/aYrujirkjivnMFc+zLdgZAghljwqTMvJ8vUng2EcsxIiaiE/d1yRkGA//y1WM7YMCAm/gdFIVcIrFT0OUdyPsJS5Od177n5NLBgqtcoeh80e1pHVOWXIGy446B2s/GJ51dnjO9ty8vfekyWbVqVS2fHEHyoxR89UTKyZo1a2rwv6ueQTbl3wf1IWpQbl8dCMLWLVHzL/IYnSu6OIqOrzJfETFMB9vQ3xVd3BdJPCgSuY3tDEBsRXHfIs/GFtEXKTybiOXkA/JRgEw5ozojoKtP95FuBRYgtKJoAQRFITcjsfvu60qTK699z/E5Xsglvuj2tOb48tsfqCRwledM8eWlL11JyBFUT8xy4qtnkE35t5FhBhSv7aHEh68OBF1j65ao+edVdHaEcDuy+QEHHPAhzvMwPsdgGOUixv22ob8rurgrkrhEjbfPtSOou5wMcD1fU+QQpcsxMtIXKdwVsVzGs/gKBmU4+YGMdBnMiOlRnBEwPsE5dM34nwC/FBD2B0UhNyOx2+8nKE3kqZ3X9nPkq+hysBCUFh++KPem3LIEx4xujxcUuY7uOd0gMfy2y4H5DKnoUgFkyzXSRTOfbZdn+QDKvYPSYOPLSzNddJ1NuYAxY1q0LjnsOsR7MOV31RO5r1lOXPVMFIKrrIj9tWtMM2jsWpyA0KKjl+fLKyGoDlBPbRnoQbnyxX6P+Bx0Pc+r6OwI4a7o4lIBzYFHXwRuO7q4L5K4KxI5+2xHAEFOBiis5gByWKRwU27SGOXLSgFi4NjeH8UZgen0QHyD4bVB9vmikJuR2CkM5vsJSpM59mLmte85PscNcfApBrtcuaLb+7DTaD8jTGb72XZ5tq8PUm4mQZHjzXTZ96f17KpXvjpky2/XE8EsJ7565isrJigds6wGIU5AqHdRegNhdcCVV2Z6zXyx88+FLi+xIAOzWUOWC2cESUdiVwoDxvWSvF/S5URclEdBnIAwfmwq1KTINq9U0VksXLiwcTbX58IZQdKR2JXCIJtZThdJl5O4oREzcQISlWzzShWdoiglT1Epuqh2eNnY6xUiLAilS4x/fCZbGHzNt0yKUkwUlaKLaoeXqb1eoUJ3hMWQzFCx1EIVnaLEo6gUXbnSrl27ybiMxvSLpQT5lkdRig2nomNA3Q5C7bJXFRvUKLat+bTDA2xo2WKiJTLRwvPZwZrXcg2zSab9KfvD7EcxBbLTzLN8Ab6D0sw9sanErMmUzbXeifVIQbayyMHMmG1Ta6eHPMGMiFYwyxpYq8W6K3tWTeQ1bTuxLohSXqLaMIoNqHme6z3T+o2SVpHZJYtp78sfeR5kP805uSizSnI4FR2zLXYQap+9ahzb1nzZ4QG2qGxZhCoy8b/PDtZcgS3rkkz7U/6PYj9qp5nV6L4A30FpJrQhi0tJB4F+Zb/LfhSlFGQrixy2fSbnud4FioNWJGuciF3qWjog8pq2nVHLS1QbRrEBNc9zpT1qWkVmlyymvS+2smH20wwn5KLMKsnhVHSuINRBNqhRbVshX3Z4Ev8Uw2ORiS+0zw7WxGfLGNV+1ExzUIDvoDRjRcDKeDNYNdg2kKQLU6QgW1nkcMnqeheYCLG4k1Z+mIG7adsZp7y48Nkwmte6bGejpjUI0943jv10LmxHlWRwKjpXEOog27ootq1ybj7s8EQmWhQYc4tM/PbZwZq4bBnj2I+aaQ4K8O1LM+fT4sBjSpDtb5AMthz2eb53gTy00mjF0AUNerZp2xmnvLjw2TBGuTYsrUHXgWnvG8d+OukyqySHU9G5glBjDuOzQY1i2yr3SsMOj9++8xhvw7QFmTAa99nBmmkiDbb9aRT7Uen+mWmm4vsCfPtsbzmfMSEqLV01O02mDWRUW9k333zzKPM83Otwb9v2mIrL2CN2za6yAiKvaduJ+64o5UUCoWdqA4r7Ikk778NVzuy0ki4ZI3XZU5r2vjxvzpw5pwTZT4vy9L0/0ki32Jd/Su5xKrrDDjvsPTsIdRQb1CDbViENOzzT8DjMXi/MDtZMk0lU+1EijJtpduVtkJ2qS0Yb2wYyqq2s7zxJz4YNG6rSomEAn66g7/mm/KZtZ5zyYpKJDWgmaQ2yp7TtfaPYT/v+VyWXf5yKLqkg1Cb5ssOLY6+XNK405yJvM5EjCrQ2UXK0XHIn3X+TjV1jNuUsadtTpXBwKrqkglCb5MsOL669XpK40pyLvM1Ejijg3DEX8oSRzWxlNuVMZ0lLF10wrChKyaOKTlGUkkcVnaIoJY8qOkVRSh5VdIqilDyq6BRFKXlU0SmKUvKoolMUpeRRRacoSsmjik5RlJJHFZ2iKCWPKjpFUUoeVXSKopQ8qugURSl5VNEpilLyqKJTFKXkUUWnKErJ878sk5UAunQ/RgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
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) онорлық қоспа атомдары электрондарын беріп, оң ионға, ал акцепторлық қоспа атомы электрон қосып алып теріс ионға айналатының еске түсірейік.
Өткізгіштіктері әртүрлі жартылай өткізгіштердің шекаралық шеттері еркін жол ұзындығындай ᄉ ᄃ аралықта бір-бірімен түйіскенде, электрондар мен кемтіктер бір-бірімен қосылып, рекомбинацияланады, яғни еркін заряд тасушылар болмайды. Акцепторлық және донорлық қоспалардың компенсацияланбаған иондары кеңістіктік заряд аймағын түзеді, бұл ᄉ ᄃ ауысу аймағы (4.12-сурет). Сонымен қоса, ол үлкен кедергі аймағы, себебі еркін заряд тасушылар аз аймақ.
Кеңістіктік заряд аймағындағы иондар электр өрісін тудырады, ол өріс негізгі заряд тасушылар қозғалысына кедергі келтіреді: ᄉ ᄃаймағында кемтіктердің және ᄉ ᄃ аймағында электрондардың.
Әрине, заряд тасушылардың біразы ᄉ ᄃ ауысу арқылы өтіп кетеді. Кеңістіктік зарядтар аймағында негізгі зат атомдары арасындағы валенттік байланыстың үзілуі есебінен пайда болған электрондар («зона-зона» ауысуы) мен осының нәтижесінде ᄉ ᄃ аймақта пайда болған кемтіктер негізгі емес заряд тасушылар деп аталады. ᄉ ᄃ ауысудың электр өрісі негізгі емес заряд тасушылар тогына (ᄉ ᄃ) кедергі келтірмейді. Оған негізгі ток тасушылардың концентрация градиенті арқасында пайда болған диффузиялық ток қарама-қарсы ағады. Төменде көрсетілгендей бұл токтар шама жағынан тең және ауысу арқылы өткен қорытқы ток та нөлге тең.
Сыртқы электр өрісі (ᄉ ᄃ) тура («+»-тен ᄉ ᄃаймаққа, «-»-тан ᄉ ᄃ аймаққа) қосылғанда кеңістіктік зарядтың ішкі электр өрісін азайтады, ол ᄉ ᄃ токтың күшеюіне алып келеді. Кеңістіктік заряд аймағында негізгі заряд тасушылар сығылатын сияқты, оның кедергісі кемиді және негізгі тасушылар тогы бірден артады. Кері қосылғанда («-»-тан ᄉ ᄃ аймаққа, «+»-тен ᄉ ᄃ аймаққа) сыртқы электр өрісі ішкі электр өрісімен қосылады, бұл кеңістіктің заряд аймағының кеңуіне алып келеді (негізгі заряд тасушылар ᄉ ᄃ ауысу аймағынан сорылып алынатын сияқты). Кеңістіктік заряд аймағы кедергісі артады, ᄉ ᄃ ток өшеді, бірақ ᄉ ᄃ ауысу аймағында электрон-кемтік жүбының генерациялануы нәтижесінде негізгі емес тасушылар тогы қалады.
ᄉ ᄃ ауысу аймағы геометриясының (өлшемдерінің) өзгеруі кернеу өзгерісіне тәуелді, сондықтан оны электр сиымдылығы өзгеріп отыратын конденсатор ретінде қолдануға болады. ᄉ ᄃ ауысу жұмысы мен пайда болуын зоналық теория тұрғысынан қарастырамыз. 1 бөлімде екі жүйенің тепе-теңдік шарты олардың химиялық потенциалдарының теңдігі болып табылатыны дәлелденген. Сондықтан, кернеу болмаған кезде (ᄉ ᄃ), ᄉ ᄃ және ᄉ ᄃ аймақтардағы Ферми деңгейінің орналасуы бірдей болады (4.13.а-сурет).
П![](data:image/png;base64,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) айда болған энергетикалық тосқауыл негізгі заряд тасушылар қозғалысына кедергі келтіреді. ᄉ ᄃ болғанда, тосқауыл биік емес, сондықтан негізгі заряд тасушылар концентрациясы градиенті есебінен диффузиялық ток пайда болады. Оның шамасын табайық. ᄉ ᄃ және ᄉ ᄃ аймақтардағы ᄉ ᄃ айырмасын шатастырып алмас үшін, ᄉ ᄃ деп белгілейміз. Тек, электрондар тогын ғана қарастырамыз, себебі кемтіктер тогын анықтау да осындай нәтижені береді.
ᄉ ᄃ-ᄉ ᄃ аймақтағы өткізгіштік зонаға донорлық деңгейден электрондардың өту ықтималдығы мен тосқауылдан өту (ᄉ ᄃ) ықтималдылықтарының көбейтіндісімен анықталады (ᄉ ᄃ):
ᄉ ᄃ, (4.27)
мұндағы ᄉ ᄃ – «бастапқы» ток, меншікті электр өткізгіштік ᄉ ᄃ-мен, ᄉ ᄃ ауысу ауданымен анықталады және әрбір ᄉ ᄃ үшін тұрақты шама болып қалады.
ᄉ ᄃмына түрде белгілейміз: ᄉ ᄃ.
ᄉ ᄃ;
ᄉ ᄃ. (4.28)
Оған қарсы негізгі емес тасушылар тоғы ᄉ ᄃ ағады, ол ᄉ ᄃ аймақтағы валенттік зонадан өткізгіштік зонаға электрондардың ауысуы нәтижесінде пайда болады.
ᄉ ᄃ (4.29)
Қорытқы ток ᄉ ᄃ.
Кері бағытта қосылғанда («-»-тан ᄉ ᄃ аймаққа, «+»-тен ᄉ ᄃ аймаққа), тосқауыл биіктігі артады: осылай қосылғанда электрондардың, сонымен бірге кемтіктердің энергиялары кемиді (кемтіктер үшін энергияның кемуі –жоғары бағытта), сондықтан ᄉ ᄃ аймақтағы энергетикалық диаграмма жоғары, ал ᄉ ᄃ аймақтағы төмен қарай (4.13 б-сурет) ығысады, тосқауыл биіктігі артады. ᄉ ᄃ және ᄉ ᄃ ара қашықтығы кернеуге байланысты емес: ᄉ ᄃ жартылай өткізгіштің негізгі атомдары арасындағы валенттік байланыстардың үзілу энергиясымен анықталады; ᄉ ᄃ қоспа атомдары концентрациясы және температурамен анықталады
Бұл жағдайдағы ᄉ ᄃ ауысу арқылы өткен токты анықтаймыз: ᄉ ᄃ тұрақты болып қалады.
ᄉ ᄃ
ᄉ ᄃ.
ᄉ ᄃ (4.30)
ᄉ ᄃ болғанда, (ᄉ ᄃВ) ᄉ ᄃ,
Сондықтан, кері ток ᄉ ᄃ. (4.31)
ᄉ ᄃ екендігіне көңіл бөлу керек, яғни ол ᄉ ᄃ ауысу бұзылғанға дейін ᄉ ᄃ-ға байланысты емес (4.14 б-сурет).
ᄉ ᄃ
тура қосылу кезінде («+» -тен ᄉ ᄃ- аймаққа қарай) электрондар мен кемтіктердің энергиялары артады, сондықтан, ᄉ ᄃ- аймақтың энергиясы
а) төмен қарай, ал ᄉ ᄃ аймақтікі жоғары қарай ығысады да, энергетикалық тосқауыл кемиді (4.14 а-суретті қара).
ᄉ ᄃ ток өзгеріссіз, сол күйінде қалады: ᄉ ᄃ.
Бірақ ᄉ ᄃ ток өседі:
ᄉ ᄃ
ᄉ ᄃ.
ᄉ ᄃ. (4.32)
Тура қосылған кезде ᄉ ᄃ, ᄉ ᄃ, 1-ді ескермеуге болады және ᄉ ᄃ (4.14 б-суретті қара).
ᄉ ᄃ ток ᄉ ᄃ-ден ᄉ ᄃ есе кем, ᄉ ᄃ ауысулар айнымалы токты түзету үшін қолданылады.
Қ арастырылған процестердің негізгі екендігін көрсету қажет; нақты ᄉ ᄃ ауысуларда олар электрондар мен кемтіктердің генерациясы мен рекомбинациясы салдарынан күрделінеді.
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