Exercise 14. Fill in the missing prepositions. Some of prepositions may be used more than once. Translate the sentences:
in by (2) on during(2) to for
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Oral fluids are advised … the febrile course.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally per year, and results … about 4 million deaths
If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is admitted … hospital.
Acute bronchitis is characterized… the development of a cough or small sensation in the back of the throat, with or without the production of sputum.
Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis, followed … exposure to air pollutants.
Treatment of pneumonia depends … the underlying cause.
Acute bronchitis often develops … an upper respiratory infection such as the common cold or influenza.
Exercise 15. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct tense and voice. Translate the sentences:
1. Rest (to indicate) until fever subsides.
2. The onset of the disease (to be) often sudden with a single shaking chill.
3. Treatment (to depend) on the kind of pneumonia.
4. Dyspnea (to note) secondary to the airways obstruction.
5. Onset of cough (to signal) onset of bronchitis.
6. The cough usually (to become) productive with purulent, blood-streaked sputum.
Exercise 16. Explain the following terms. Use the previously given scheme:
Bronchitis, Pneumonia
Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:
BCG vaccine, n
(Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)
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[bǝ'silǝs 'kælmǝt gǝ'rɛn]
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вакцина БЦЖ
(бацилла Кальметта-Герена)
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blood streaked, adj
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['blʌd 'stri:kt]
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з прожилками крові
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crackles, n
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['kræklz]
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вологі хрипи
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detection, n
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[di'tekʃn]
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виявлення
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discharge, n
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[dis'ʧa:ʤ]
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виділення
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fluctuate, v
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['flʌkʧʋeit]
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змінюватися, варіюватися
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heal, v
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[hi:l]
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зцілюватися
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identify, v
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[ai'dentifai]
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встановлювати, визначати, розпізнавати
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immunocompromised, adj
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[iˏmjʋ:nǝ'kɒmprǝmaizd]
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з послабленим імунітетом
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lesion, n
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['li:ʒn]
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ураження, пошкодження
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Mantoux test, n
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['mæntʋ 'test]
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реакція Манту
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mediastinum, n
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[ˏmi:diǝs'tainǝm]
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середостіння
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meninges, n
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[mǝ'ni:nʤiz]
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оболонки головного мозку
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nodular, adj
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['nɒdjʋlǝ]
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вузликовий, нодулярний
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phthisiatrician, n
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[ˏfƟi:ziǝ'triʃn]
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фтизіатр
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resurgence, n
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[ri'sɜ:ʤǝns]
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рецидив
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smoulder, v
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['smǝʋldǝ]
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тліти
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sputum, n
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['spju:tǝm]
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мокротиння
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superadd, v
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[ˏsju:pǝr'æd]
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додаватися
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tubercle, n
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['tju:bɜ:kl]
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туберкул, вузлик
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vulnerable, adj
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['vʌlnǝrǝbl]
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уразливий, незахищений,
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Exercise 2. a) Memorize the plural forms of nouns of Latin and Greek origin:
Latin
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singular
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plural
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-us [ǝs]
bacillus
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-i [ai]
bacilli
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-a [ǝ]
vertebra
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-ae [i:]
vertebrae
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-um [ǝm]
bacterium
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-a [ǝ]
bacteria
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Greek
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-sis [sis]
synthesis
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-ses [siz]
syntheses
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b) Choose the correct plural form:
Noun
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Plural
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diagnosis
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diagnoses
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diagnosises
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stimulus
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stimula
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stimuli
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datum
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datums
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data
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formula
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formule
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formulae
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nucleus
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nuclei
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nucleum
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analysis
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analys
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analyses
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spirillum
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spirilla
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spirillae
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Exercise 3. Form nouns with the help of the suffix -(a)(t)ion. Translate the pair of words into Ukrainian:
Model: to infect – infection
інфікувати – інфекція
To characterize, to form, to inhale, to fluctuate, to detect, to combine, to populate, to vaccinate, to examine, to auscultate, to palpate, to complete, to migrate.
Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian:
The causative agent of the disease, the formation of nodular lesions, to set up a primary tubercle, natural immune defenses, to smoulder for months or years, to fluctuate with the patient’s resistance, to transmit by coughing and sneezing, blood streaked sputum discharge, the detection by X-ray screening, vaccination with BCG vaccine, tuberculous crackles in the lungs, a yearly Mantoux test, a resurgence of pulmonary tuberculosis, in immunocompromised patients, to seek help from phthisiatrician.
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease. The causative agent of the disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis that was first identified by R. Koch in 1882. It is characterized by the formation of nodular lesions (tubercles) in the mediastinum.
In pulmonary tuberculosis the bacillus can be inhaled into the lungs where it sets up a primary tubercle and spreads to the nearest lymph nodes. Natural immune defenses may heal it at this stage. Alternatively the disease may smoulder for months or years and fluctuate with the patient’s resistance. Many people become infected but show no symptoms. Others develop a chronic infection and can transmit the bacillus by coughing and sneezing.
In the early stages of pulmonary tuberculosis the patient usually complains of general malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite and as a result loss of body weight, caused by tuberculous intoxication. The subfebrile fever persists for a long time. Then cough superadds.
Symptoms of the active form of pulmonary tuberculosis include high fever that ranges from 38° to 39°C, profuse night sweats, and cough with blood streaked sputum discharge.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is treated by various combinations of antibiotics. The treatment may last up to 6-8 months. Preventive measures must include the detection of cases by X-ray screening of vulnerable populations and vaccination with BCG vaccine of those with no immunity to the disease. Regular physical examinations are necessary as well: auscultation reveals characteristic tuberculous crackles in the lungs; palpation identifies the swollen lymph nodes in the neck or other areas. Another method of detecting pulmonary tuberculosis is a yearly Mantoux test.
Recently, there has been a resurgence of pulmonary tuberculosis in immunocompromised patients (i.e. who have HIV or AIDS). The number of patients with the disease has also increased due to patients not completing drug courses.
In some cases the bacilli spread from the lungs to the blood-stream, setting up millions of tiny tubercles throughout the body (miliary tuberculosis), or migrate to the meninges to cause tuberculous meningitis. Entering by mouth bacilli may spread to abdominal lymph nodes, leading to peritonitis, and sometimes spread to other organs, joints, and bones.
Though pulmonary tuberculosis is curable, it is a terminal disease if not treated in time. So, if a person develops any signs slightly resembling pulmonary tuberculosis, he should immediately seek help from phthisiatrician.
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